On open-deck trestle spans, railroad ties are spaced closer together to distribute the concentrated weight of a train over a wider surface area
. Unlike tracks laid on ballast, these ties rest directly on the bridge’s steel or timber framework, leaving open spaces between them.
The closer spacing is necessary because the ties on an open-deck bridge lack the continuous, cushioning support of a deep bed of ballast.
On a ballasted track, the weight is distributed broadly through:
The rails.
The ties, or "sleepers".
The bed of ballast, a layer of crushed stone.
The underlying ground, or "subgrade".
In contrast, on an open-deck bridge, the weight is transferred from the rails, through the ties, and directly onto the main structural beams of the bridge. Without the broad distribution offered by ballast, the more frequent ties are required to:
Prevent excessive deflection: The dense placement of ties prevents the rails from bending or bowing downward between the support beams under the heavy load of a train.
Improve lateral stability: Fasteners, such as hook bolts, secure the ties to the bridge's support beams. The closer spacing of the ties provides more points of contact for these fasteners, which increases the track's resistance to lateral (sideways) forces.
Provide safety redundancy: If one tie were to fail or become damaged, the closer proximity of its neighbors ensures the rails remain properly supported, reducing the risk of a derailment